Boost Juice in Germany

In International Human Resources Assessment 2 – Group Presentation Boost Juice Expatriate Program Challenges in Germany March 23, 2010 Authors: SindooraNiranjan, 110024230 Maggie Sinclair, 110058024 Kai Zhi Lee, 100111728 Ke Yu, 100070856 Harnie Kumaraguru, 110026969 Word count: 1105 (excluding external referencing) Introduction The concept of Boost brand was created in 1998 when the founder, Janine Allis, realized the fashion of the juice bar when on holidays in the United States. She researched the growing demand and found a huge market opportunity for a healthy fast food alternative in Australia. The first boost juice bar was formed in 2000 located in Adelaide (Boost Juice 2011). The company has expanded internationally with 200 stores in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East through the way of Franchising. This report will analyse and discuss various potential human resource issues when considering the deployment of an Expatriate to Germany to support expansion. In particular, the issues faced by the organization within the five arenas of recruitment and selection, training and development, cross-culture, performance management, and compensation. 1. 1 Expatriate Recruitment & Selection Involvement of the expatriate’s spouse in any pre-assignment, on-assignment and post-assignment training and support, particularly in language and cultural training (Salas et al. 2006; Shen 2005; Morgan et al. 2004; Scholes 2003; Mendenhall & Stahi 2000, Yavas & Bodur 1999) is essential. A spouse’s attitude and predisposition can influence the willingness of a dual-career expatriate to accept international assignments. Expatriates are less likely to agree to relocate and/or experience higher failure rates if experiencing these family stresses. (Harvey 1997; Andreason 2008). In order to prevent expatriate failure, Boost must select candidate with high emotional intelligence (EI) and personality characteristics of openness and sociability (Jassawalla, Truglia & Garvey 2004; Caligiuri 2000, Yavas & Bodur 1999). Conducting behavioural interviews will be deemed suitable to determine the EI of candidate (Goleman 2004, Truglia & Garvey 2004). 1. 2 Recruitment and Selection in Germany Another challenge Boost Australia will have in selecting the right expatriate is choosing a candidate that will have the ability to adjust existing recruitment and selection processes to German Culture. Boost shall recruit older, preferably female employees (Thevenon & Horko 2009) or foreign migrants (Royle 1999) instead of usual young and energetic employees (Datamonitor 2008) as German youngsters under age 21 are rarely involved in unskilled employment due to its structured regulation and training culture (Roberts, Clark & Wallace 1994). KSAs (knowledge, skills & ability) but not psychometric tests shall be used in selection process because German may perceive latter as violation of privacy and inaccurate performance predictor (Steiner & Gilliland 1996; Papalexandris & Panayotopoulou 2004). . 1 Training and Development Training and developing expatriates in areas of language skills, cross-cultural training, company policies and general skills related to the host country, before sending them abroad for their placements, would prove to be greatly beneficial for both the expatriates and the organization (McCaughey & Bruning 2005; Mayrhofer & Scullion 2002; Global Relocation Services 2004). It will support cross-cultural adjustment by increasing the awareness of the norms and behaviours appropriate to the host country and provide the skills for the expatriate to operate more effectively in the unfamiliar host culture (Caliguri 2002; McCaughey & Bruning 2005). As well, support the challenge of coping with differences in lifestyle and language barriers while living and working in Germany (Sims & Schraeder 2004; Welch 2003). Additionally, providing them efficient international performance appraisals can induce positive behaviour increasing the growth of productivity in an organization through staff satisfaction and allow it an added competitive advantage in the global business environment (McCaughey & Bruning 2005; Caliguri 2002). On an international scale the organization should have knowledge of the German culture, ? nd efficient partners to aid in customizing a common training effort to speci? c regional and participant differences, and remain globally consistent in terms of course content and criteria for evaluation (Chang 2009). Programme designers should modify communication to accommodate cultural differences and consider trainees’ level of acceptance, conduct a thorough training-needs and audience analysis, and include members from Germany on the design team (Chang 2009; Shen & Brant 2009; Jassawalla, Traglia & Garvey 2004). 3. 1 Cross-Culture issues Attention must be given to the communication styles for Australian expatriates when they are sent to Germany. German employees tend to be stiff and deficient in sense of humour in business situation (McDonald 2000). The more serious a situation, the more seriousness is necessitated. Also, Teamwork in Germany is regarded as a group of individuals working for a specific leader towards a recognizable goal (Dunkel & Meierewert 2004; Murakami, T 2000). Every employee has a well-defined role and to cross line would arouse confusion. Another important point of emphasis is on the business structure. Most of the power in German companies is the charge of few senior managers. The management board is the final decision-maker on policy matters which affect management. Under board level, companies tend to have a strictly hierarchical approach within which individual’s specific role and responsibilities are tightly defined and allocated. When Australian expatriates deal with the issues of German employees, the cross-culture variation should be treated seriously (Templer 2010). Less humour used in the business circumstances could be beneficial for solving issues. Furthermore, for teamwork projects, German employees should be encouraged to set more clearly objectives in order to achieve the best esult. Lastly, incentive policies should be made so that employees can take active measures to serve for Boost Juice in the hierarchy structure. 4. 1 Performance Management Performance Management System (PMS) is a strategic HRM process that enables the MNC to evaluate and continuously improve individual, subsidiary unit and corporate performance against clearly defined, pre-set objectives that are directly linked to international strategy (Halachmi 2005 ) (Agunis 2009). Hence Performance management is considered as one of the critical function of HRM as it helps in appraising individual’s performance. However, there are certain issues that a company may face when internationalising its operations (Shay and Baack 2004). In case of Boost Company, challenges faced during implementation of PMS can be divided into two categories; 1) Issues faced during implementing PMS programme for its expatriates such as; * Who conducts Performance Management for the expatriate (Shih, Chiang & Kim 2005). Providing timely and regular feedback (Shih, Chiang & Kim 2005). * Issues relating performance criteria (Shih, Chiang & Kim 2005). 2) Issues faced when implementing PMS in its HCN (Germany) * Cultural adaptability (Waal & Counet 2008) (Ferner et al 2001). Analysing the issues faced by Boost, it can be said that International Performance Management system are affected by various host contextual and firm specific factors such as the political, economic, internatio nal strategy, stage of internationalisation etc (Shen 2004). Therefore MNC’s when expanding their operations beyond borders should consider such factors to formulate and implement effective international performance management policies and practices. 5. 1 Compensation Compensation is a powerful tool that can further an organization’s strategic goals and at the same time has a large impact on employees’ attitudes and behaviours. (Festing et al, Dec 2006). It is imperative to both the company’s bottom line and the individuals involved that it is perceived to be done fairly and clearly communicated (Sims & Schraeder, 2005). Boost must determine the right compensation approach that will meet the needs of its financial goals as well as be an incentive to attract and retain best incumbents (Wentland, 2003; Sims & Schraeder 2004; Zingheim & Schuster, 2001; Dwyer, 1999) It must be: * competitive * consistent * cost-effective The Balance sheet approach was selected as best suited for this expatriate program. Knowledge and skill set required are equal to parent company, so it was viewed as most fair and equitable approach to maintain the purchasing power of both their team in Australia and those on international assignments. Sims, Schraeder 2005) It is the best approach to be perceived equally by the expatriate to be adequate and meet their needs of competitiveness and consistent for their expected behaviours. (Suutari,V, & Tornikoski, C 2001) The final confirmation to ensure Compensation is aligned appropriately, reducing potential early expatriate failure is that both parties have a clear understanding to wh at is in and what is out of the package and perception of adequate compensation is equal. Conclusion International Human Resources has progressed rapidly and is penetrating at institutional, national and international levels. Simultaneously multi-national and international companies today are faced with the complexity of cross-cultural issue due to globalization (Pranee 2010). In summary this report clearly demonstrates the importance of human resource management (HRM) to be included at the forefront of any consideration to enter the global arena. Underestimating these key areas reviewed as well as other HR practices will cause concern and risk increased potential failure of any expatriate program. Reference List Aguinis, H 2009, Performance Management, Pearson Education, New Jersey. Andreason, AW 2008, ‘Expatriate adjustment of spouses and expatriate managers: an integrative research review,’ International Journal of Management, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 382-395. Boost Juice 2011, franchise info, viewed at 20th February 2011, < http://www. boostjuicebars. com> Caliguri, P 2002, ‘Global competence: What is it, and can it be developed through global assignments? ’, Human Resources Planning, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 27 – 35. Caligiuri, PM 2000, ‘Selecting expatriates for personality characteristics: a moderating effect of personality on the relationship between host national contact and cross-cultural adjustment,’ Management International Review, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 61-80. Chang, WW 2009, ‘Cross-cultural  adjustment in the multinational  training  program’, Human Resource Development International, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 561 – 569. Counet, H, Waal, A, A 2008, ‘Lessons learned from performance management systems implementations’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 367-390. Datamonitor 2008, Boost Juice bar case study: Marketing smoothie bars as a healthy alternative to coffee shops, Datamonitor, pp. 1-12. Dunkel, A & Meierewert, S 2004, ‘Culture Standards and their impact on teamwork — An empirical analysis of Austrian, German, Hungarian and Spanish culture differences’, Journal for East European Management Studies, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 147-174. Ferner, Anthony,Quintanilla, Javier, Varul & Matthias Z 2001, ‘Country-of-Origin Effects, Host-Country Effects, and the Management of HR in Multinationals: German Companies in Britain and Spain, Journal of World Business, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1-107. Global Relocation Services 2004, Global relocation Trends 2003/2004 Survey Report, viewed 18th February 2011, . Goleman, D 2004, ‘What makes a leader? ’ Harvard Business Review, vol. 82, no. 1, p. 82-91. Halachmi, A 2005, ‘Performance measurement is only one way of managing performance management’, International Jour nal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 502-516. Harvey, M 1997, ‘Dual-career expatriates: expectations, adjustment and satisfaction with international relocation,’ Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 627-658. Jassawalla, A, Truglia, C & Garvey, J 2004, ‘Cross-cultural conflict and expatriate manager adjustment: an exploratory study,’ Management Decision, vol. 42, no. 7/8, pp. 837-849. Mayrhoefer, W& Scullion, H 2002, ‘Female expatriates in international business: empirical evidence from the German clothing industry’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 815 – 836. McCaughey, D &Bruning, NS 2005, ‘Enhancing opportunities for expatriate job satisfaction: HR strategies for foreign assignment success’, Human Resource Planning, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 21 – 29. McDonald, G 2000, ‘Cross-cultural methodological issues in ethical researc h’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 89-104. Mendenhall, ME & Stahi, GK 2000, ‘Expatriate training and development: where do we go from here? ’ Human Resource Management, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 251-265. Morgan, L, Jie, W & Young, ST 2004, ‘Operational factors as determinants of expatriate and repatriate success,’ International Journal of Operation & Production, vol. 24, no. 11/12, pp. 1247-1261. Murakami, T 2000, ‘Trade Union Strategy and Teamwork: The British and German Car Industry’, Labor Studies Journal, vol. 24, pp. 35-52 Paplexandris, N & Panayotopoulou, L 2004, ‘Exploring the mutual interaction of societal culture and human resource management practices: evidence from 19 countries,’ Employee Relations, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 495-509. Roberts, K, Clark, SC & Wallace, C 1994, ‘Flexibility and individualism: a comparison of transitions into employment in England and Germany,’ Sociology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 31-54. Royle, T 1999, ‘Recruiting the acquiescent workforce: a comparative analysis of McDonald’s in Germany and the UK,’ Employee Relations, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 540-555. Salas, LN, Hess, KP, Paley, M & Riedel, S 2006, ‘Expatriate preparation: a critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research,’ Human Resource Development Review, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 355-388. Scholes, S 2003, The expatriate manager in South Korea: cross cultural communication, viewed 2 February 2011, < http://www. international-business-careers. com/international_career_expatriate_resources_2. html>. Shay, JP & Baack, SA 2004, ‘Expatriate assignment, adjustment and effectiveness: An empirical examination of the big picture’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 216-232. Shen, J 2005, ‘Towards a generic international human resource management (IHRM) model,’ Journal of Organisational Transformation and Social Change, vol. 2, no . 2, p. 83-102. Shen, J & Brant, L 2009, ‘Cross-cultural training on expatriate performance in Australian MNEs’, Human Resource Development International, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 371 – 386.

Placing criminals in prison benefits everyone

In early times, prisons served an entirely different purpose from the one it does today.   While it was basically still for the enforcement of the law, it was used as a holding area for people accused of crimes and in the process of trial, and for those accused of lesser crimes as non-payment of debts.   Back then, the only two penalties for crimes were death and banishment.Over the years, imprisonment for crimes has considerably changed.   The cause for imprisonment and the conditions of prisons have changed depending on the norms and capability of societies.   However, there still stands one common reason for imprisonment of persons convicted of crimes and that is basically to keep them away from society.   It is for the purpose of keeping the public safe from criminal elements such as them and to prevent them from committing crimes again.There are four major social benefits of incarceration that must be considered in measuring the cost effectiveness of imprisonment:   retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation or incapacitation.   (Catherine Bucci, 2005).Society believes that offenders must be penalized.   This belief is as old as time.   The difference is the penalties imposed on crimes, which are markedly different from society to society, from era to era.   Serving time in prison is the convicts’ retribution for the crime they committed. Putting criminals behind bars serves to warn others of similar fate and hopefully prevent them from committing crimes also.   Imprisonment of convicts is a deterrent to potential criminals.   While serving time in prison, the convict may receive intervention to curb criminal mentality.   They are made to do activities that will take their minds off from their negative side and bring out the positive in them.   While in prison the criminal is not able to commit crime under the watch of law enforcement agents.   All these ultimately benefits society as they all focus on the control and prev ention of crime.There are four morally justified purposes for punishment.   (Ryan Kummamer, 2007).To Protect Society.   Imprisonment will keep the offender away from the public.   This is to ensure that the public will be safe and protected from further threats from criminals.  Ã‚   Society is assured that the criminal is under police custody and could do no harm again.   If the criminals are allowed to roam the streets unchecked and uncontrolled they pose a great threat to the peace and order of the community.To Reform the Offender.   Prisons are not just penitentiaries but also reformatory institutions.   While serving time, convicts are provided with opportunities that will help them to be contributing and productive members of society when they are released from prison.   These opportunities are made available to them thru skills training and rehabilitation and therapy sessions.   If prison changed the offenders, it will a better and welcomed change.As a Deterr ent to Potential Criminals.   The threat of imprisonment and serving long prison term should serve as a strong warning to potential criminals.   The threat which brings fear deters persons from committing crimes that would surely send them to jail.   Studies even show that a prison term is more feared than the death penalty.   This reinforces the assumption that imprisonment is an effective deterrent for potential offenders to keep away from committing crimes.Penalty and Pay Back.   Justice calls for penalty to be imposed for the commission of crime.   An offender commits a crime for which society wants him to pay.   The penalty of imprisonment serves as the punishment.   Imprisonment brings back order, paying back of what was taken away or restoration to the proper order and condition of a community before the incident of crime.   When the offender is put behind bars, a sense of peace once more prevails in the community that once was shaken by the crime.All four r easons justified the means to an end.   Imprisonment will have served its purpose if in the end, a reformed convict integrates to mainstream society and does not turn into a recidivist.There are several basic theories regarding criminal justice and its relation to individual rights and social control; Restorative Justice, Retributive Justice, and Transformative Justice.   (Raymond E. Foster, 2006, 2007).Imprisonment is likewise justified if the ends of justice were met and served.Restoration.   Justice calls for the restoration of what has been taken away from society because of the crime committed.   At times there were chaos, anger, disruption from normalcy and confusion.   When a criminal is confined in prison, he is taken away from the community.   This becomes the time for the community to pick up the pieces to start over.   The condition of the community before the incidence of the crime is brought back.Retribution.   The offender suffers what the victims had i n essence suffered as well.   Since time in memorial, every part in history made offenders pay up for the crimes against persons, society and humanity.   This age is no different, so that people would realize that crime definitely pays.Transformation.   Everybody deserves second chances, including convicts serving prison terms.   Their confinement in penal institutions must bring something good and purposeful.   Convicts are given the means to reform within the walls of prison.   When they are released they are hoped to become changed from the criminal that was committed to the facility to a reformed person who would re-join society.Today, unlike in the 50’s when families provide the backbone of society, many factors like broken homes cause the high incidence of crimes.   Without strong societal support and an equally effective criminal justice system crimes would be hard to control.   Given all the avenues to pursue criminal justice, deterrence must still be the first measure sought.   Deterrence from the commission of crimes is effective to fight crime.   If there is a big threat to criminals like fear of being incarcerated, that would be deterrence enough to prevent further commission of crimes.The recorded low crime rate in the 80’s up to the 90’s has been due mainly to the high possibility of   prison sentence and increased prison time for serious offenses.   Legislation to these ends had a big impact on the downward trend of crime rate.   Laws raised the odds of imprisonment and made crimes unattractive to would-be criminals.Imprisonment is a more acceptable option to a society that frowns upon capital punishment.   Church groups, civil society and human rights advocates are all against the death penalty.   In many other countries, they deplore the conditions of jails as unfit for humans giving due concern over the rights of accused.   These groups tend to see   the other end of the scales of justice .   However, prison conditions and intervention approach done and extended to convicts serving time make imprisonment the just alternative to capital punishment.Somehow justice must be carried out in a situation where a crime has been committed.   The scales of justice must be equally in favor of the perpetrator of the crime and the victim, and society in general.Imprisonment satisfies all ends of justice.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The convict must pay for the crime committed against persons and society.   Society in turn demands that justice be served thru commensurate penalty.   As penalty for a crime committed, retribution is met.   A compassionate society could find it to forgive a convict who has served time in prison for a crime committed.   Giving second chances to convicts, reformation is satisfied.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Separating the convict from society until he has repent, done time and is deemed ready to re-join society.   Public protection is assured.  Ã‚   Imprisonment scares people away from crime, then crime prevention is guaranteed.Sources:Bucci, Catherine.   (09 Jan 2005).   Rising Sanctions for Repeat Offender.Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, from  http://www.ecoon.unconn.edu/Bucci_internshippaperexample.docCrime Fighters:   Justice.   (16 Jan 2006).   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, from  http://www.bbc.co.uk/crime/fighters/prisonservice.shtmlPrison Reform. (13 Jan 2007).   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_reformCrime and Punishment in Americ:1999.   NCPA Policy Report No. 229.   (Oct 1999)Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.ncpa.org/studies/s229/s229.htmlStrategic Goal Six:   Protect American Society by Providing for the Safe, Secure & HumaneConfinement of Persons in Federal Custody.   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.usdoj.gov/ag/annualreports/pr2001/Section06.htmlKummamer, Ryan.   (2007).   On Capital Punishment.   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, from  http://www.newcitizenship.net/2006/12/on-capital -punishment.htmlFoster, Raymond E.   (2006-2007).   Criminal Justice.   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.hitechcj.com/criminal-justice-degree-online/ Placing criminals in prison benefits everyone In early times, prisons served an entirely different purpose from the one it does today.   While it was basically still for the enforcement of the law, it was used as a holding area for people accused of crimes and in the process of trial, and for those accused of lesser crimes as non-payment of debts.   Back then, the only two penalties for crimes were death and banishment.Over the years, imprisonment for crimes has considerably changed.   The cause for imprisonment and the conditions of prisons have changed depending on the norms and capability of societies.   However, there still stands one common reason for imprisonment of persons convicted of crimes and that is basically to keep them away from society.   It is for the purpose of keeping the public safe from criminal elements such as them and to prevent them from committing crimes again.There are four major social benefits of incarceration that must be considered in measuring the cost effectiveness of imprisonment:   retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation or incapacitation.   (Catherine Bucci, 2005).Society believes that offenders must be penalized.   This belief is as old as time.   The difference is the penalties imposed on crimes, which are markedly different from society to society, from era to era.   Serving time in prison is the convicts’ retribution for the crime they committed. Putting criminals behind bars serves to warn others of similar fate and hopefully prevent them from committing crimes also.   Imprisonment of convicts is a deterrent to potential criminals.   While serving time in prison, the convict may receive intervention to curb criminal mentality.   They are made to do activities that will take their minds off from their negative side and bring out the positive in them.   While in prison the criminal is not able to commit crime under the watch of law enforcement agents.   All these ultimately benefits society as they all focus on the control and prev ention of crime.There are four morally justified purposes for punishment.   (Ryan Kummamer, 2007).To Protect Society.   Imprisonment will keep the offender away from the public.   This is to ensure that the public will be safe and protected from further threats from criminals.  Ã‚   Society is assured that the criminal is under police custody and could do no harm again.   If the criminals are allowed to roam the streets unchecked and uncontrolled they pose a great threat to the peace and order of the community.To Reform the Offender.   Prisons are not just penitentiaries but also reformatory institutions.   While serving time, convicts are provided with opportunities that will help them to be contributing and productive members of society when they are released from prison.   These opportunities are made available to them thru skills training and rehabilitation and therapy sessions.   If prison changed the offenders, it will a better and welcomed change.As a Deterr ent to Potential Criminals.   The threat of imprisonment and serving long prison term should serve as a strong warning to potential criminals.   The threat which brings fear deters persons from committing crimes that would surely send them to jail.   Studies even show that a prison term is more feared than the death penalty.   This reinforces the assumption that imprisonment is an effective deterrent for potential offenders to keep away from committing crimes.Penalty and Pay Back.   Justice calls for penalty to be imposed for the commission of crime.   An offender commits a crime for which society wants him to pay.   The penalty of imprisonment serves as the punishment.   Imprisonment brings back order, paying back of what was taken away or restoration to the proper order and condition of a community before the incident of crime.   When the offender is put behind bars, a sense of peace once more prevails in the community that once was shaken by the crime.All four r easons justified the means to an end.   Imprisonment will have served its purpose if in the end, a reformed convict integrates to mainstream society and does not turn into a recidivist.There are several basic theories regarding criminal justice and its relation to individual rights and social control; Restorative Justice, Retributive Justice, and Transformative Justice.   (Raymond E. Foster, 2006, 2007).Imprisonment is likewise justified if the ends of justice were met and served.Restoration.   Justice calls for the restoration of what has been taken away from society because of the crime committed.   At times there were chaos, anger, disruption from normalcy and confusion.   When a criminal is confined in prison, he is taken away from the community.   This becomes the time for the community to pick up the pieces to start over.   The condition of the community before the incidence of the crime is brought back.Retribution.   The offender suffers what the victims had i n essence suffered as well.   Since time in memorial, every part in history made offenders pay up for the crimes against persons, society and humanity.   This age is no different, so that people would realize that crime definitely pays.Transformation.   Everybody deserves second chances, including convicts serving prison terms.   Their confinement in penal institutions must bring something good and purposeful.   Convicts are given the means to reform within the walls of prison.   When they are released they are hoped to become changed from the criminal that was committed to the facility to a reformed person who would re-join society.Today, unlike in the 50’s when families provide the backbone of society, many factors like broken homes cause the high incidence of crimes.   Without strong societal support and an equally effective criminal justice system crimes would be hard to control.   Given all the avenues to pursue criminal justice, deterrence must still be the first measure sought.   Deterrence from the commission of crimes is effective to fight crime.   If there is a big threat to criminals like fear of being incarcerated, that would be deterrence enough to prevent further commission of crimes.The recorded low crime rate in the 80’s up to the 90’s has been due mainly to the high possibility of   prison sentence and increased prison time for serious offenses.   Legislation to these ends had a big impact on the downward trend of crime rate.   Laws raised the odds of imprisonment and made crimes unattractive to would-be criminals.Imprisonment is a more acceptable option to a society that frowns upon capital punishment.   Church groups, civil society and human rights advocates are all against the death penalty.   In many other countries, they deplore the conditions of jails as unfit for humans giving due concern over the rights of accused.   These groups tend to see   the other end of the scales of justice .   However, prison conditions and intervention approach done and extended to convicts serving time make imprisonment the just alternative to capital punishment.Somehow justice must be carried out in a situation where a crime has been committed.   The scales of justice must be equally in favor of the perpetrator of the crime and the victim, and society in general.Imprisonment satisfies all ends of justice.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The convict must pay for the crime committed against persons and society.   Society in turn demands that justice be served thru commensurate penalty.   As penalty for a crime committed, retribution is met.   A compassionate society could find it to forgive a convict who has served time in prison for a crime committed.   Giving second chances to convicts, reformation is satisfied.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Separating the convict from society until he has repent, done time and is deemed ready to re-join society.   Public protection is assured.  Ã‚   Imprisonment scares people away from crime, then crime prevention is guaranteed.Sources:Bucci, Catherine.   (09 Jan 2005).   Rising Sanctions for Repeat Offender.Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.ecoon.unconn.edu/Bucci_internshippaperexample.docCrime Fighters:   Justice.   (16 Jan 2006).   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/crime/fighters/prisonservice.shtmlPrison Reform. (13 Jan 2007).   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_reformCrime and Punishment in Americ:1999.   NCPA Policy Report No. 229.   (Oct 1999)Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.ncpa.org/studies/s229/s229.htmlStrategic Goal Six:   Protect American Society by Providing for the Safe, Secure & HumaneConfinement of Persons in Federal Custody.   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.usdoj.gov/ag/annualreports/pr2001/Section06.htmlKummamer, Ryan.   (2007).   On Capital Punishment.   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.newcitizenship.net/2006/12/on-capital-punishment. htmlFoster, Raymond E.   (2006-2007).   Criminal Justice.   Retrieved 17 Jan 2007, fromhttp://www.hitechcj.com/criminal-justice-degree-online/

Rioting in American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rioting in American Society - Essay Example Hysteria on this level was a mass-ecstasy of panic, through which later psychologists interpreted that individuals shed their exhibitions and released repressed thought energy through violent activity in a type of trance – many mob participants were allegedly â€Å"seized† by some force they identify as coming from outside of themselves and overtaking them, causing the person to commit acts of violence or lust that would not ordinarily be even within the threshold of their annual conscious awareness. This is similar in experience and description as possessions reported by ethnographers and anthropologists with ritualistic religions. The psychology of crowds and mass persuasion has steadily advanced since the time of Mackay, yet there are still no explanations for these aspects of human experience from psychology that really explain with any certainty what is occurring in the dynamics of the group mind, or if a group mind even exists. If it does exist, the concept should shatter our commonly held assumptions about individuality and the autonomy of being. Yet if it is not something we can consciously experience, or that happens on cue, it cannot be replicated or tested. Even wildfires, tornados, and hurricanes have a set of evolving principals describing their behavior that are accepted as scientifically valid. Crowd dynamics, as a science, and group psychology can combine to collect evidence on riot situations when they occur in modern times and research historical records of riots to see if they can find patterns and rules of behavior in chaos. Thus a question arises as to whether or not a riot can be organized, for if it is organized in advance it would simply be an attack on a location and not an eruption of primal chaos and the group mind. We need then to discover if there is a valid method of judging the difference between these two situations. From this we can posit the first distinguishing characteristic of

Performance enhancing drugs in sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance enhancing drugs in sports - Essay Example The use of anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs has become an all too common occurrence in sports today at all levels, from high school to professional. These substances have the effect of enabling athletes to achieve somewhat superhuman levels of strength and endurance. The pressure on today’s athletes to perform and compete at very high levels is intense, and performance enhancing drugs are a very tempting way to easily push one’s natural performance capabilities to otherwise impossible levels. Unfortunately, they exact a tremendous toll on the athlete’s physical wellbeing, as well as on the integrity of the sport in which it is being utilized. The health ramifications of performance enhancing substances are staggering. They have the potential to wreak havoc on many of the systems in the human body; and have been known to lead to severe and irreversible physical damage to the body, and even death. The drugs constitute substantial risk to any athlete who chooses to utilize them. The peer pressure and other stress to perform in today’s sports environment nevertheless lead many to take that risk. Certainly, the short term potential rewards, often including fame and fortune, can be quite tempting. After all, those athletes in many professional sports who really perform at the top of their game are certain to eventually command unimaginable sums of money. The impact of performance enhancing drugs on the integrity of the game is also a major problem, as those who play clean and push their natural performance levels as far as possible still are often unable to compete with those utilizing these substances.

What has been the impact of World Bank upon development in the south Essay

What has been the impact of World Bank upon development in the south - Essay Example According to the neo-classical economic theory, the financially weak countries should borrow money abroad to finance their investments and requirement. According to CIA (2009), United States has got the highest level of outstanding external debt, which is approximately $13,450 million. United Kingdom being the second and there are few other countries too. So it can be understood that neither the developing nor the developed countries are immune to the finance deficit problems. This context can be better explained through the dual-gap model, which highlights the aspect of motivation for introducing debt in growth model. This model states that there are two gaps, mainly foreign exchange gaps and saving gaps. These two factors might be scarce to support the growth of the developing countries (Daud, and Podivinsky, 2011, p. 2-4). High levels of debt could also adversely affect the economic growth of any country. It can be also related to the debt-overhang theory. According to debt-overhang theory, the expected return of external debt is inadequate compared to the contractual value of debt. The heavy burden of debt on the developing countries drains their investments too and returns get taxed away. Apart from this high debt also negatively affect the investment rates and growth of the country because of huge cash flow and has effects of moral hazards. However, on the opposite side, if external debt is considered at the level of foreign borrowings, then it could have a positive impact on growth and investment of the country. The Laffer curve represents the relation between the investment and the face value of the debt. The expected amount for repayment falls when the level of outstanding debt increases beyond the specified mark. So according to the Laffer curve, the expected payment would reduce with the increa se in the face value of debt (Zawalinska, 2004, p. 5-6). Since the past decades, policymakers and also academicians have taken keen interest in studying, and investigating theories to develop a link between debt and the economic growth of the global economy, but we would consider a few empirical studies to understand the concepts in this study. Abdelmawla-Mohammed (2005) supports the fact that external debt has a negative effect on the economic growth and development. Studies in about 61 developing countries have been conducted and results reveal that high debt can also create negative effects on the physical capital and productivity growth of the country. This study aims at focusing on the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) of the World Bank and the impact of such strategies on the south. We would follow a well-defined framework to evaluate each dimension of external debt, its effects on economic growth, and effect of SAPs on the economic condition of the developing countries. A lso a critical analysis of the negative aspect of SAP of World Bank would be done in this study. World Bank and its Initiative towards Poverty Reduction Richard Peet in his "Unholy

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Film analysis - Essay Example Salieri, being a serious man and a serious composer cannot abide the thought that this unserious young man was given a gift that he, Salieri, was not. Thus, Salieri becomes all-consumed with envy. Historical evidence indicates that Salieri was extremely envious of Mozart, just as the film depicts. Salieris enmity towards Mozart is explained as the fact that Mozart was able to, with great success, set an opera, the Cosi fan tutte, that Salieri had failed to set and é  he great success of Mozart in accomplishing what he [Salieri] could make nothing of is supposed to have been the first origin of his enmity and malice towards Mozart.(Landon, 1988, p. 156). Salieri also was jealous because his own pieces were ç” °ommonplace and of course in no way comparable to Mozart,and that it only took a generation for Salieris music to die out. (Landon, 1988, p. 173) At Mozarts funeral, Salieri was alleged to have said to a companion that it was åŠ ªell for us that he is dead. For had he lived longer, verily, the world would not have given us another bit of bread for our compositions!(Thayer, 1989, p. 134). This shows that Salieri believed that Mozart overshadowed him, and that, if M ozart had lived further, Salieri would have fallen into obscurity. Once again turning to the films portrayal of the relationship between the two men, Salieri, because of the unfairness that Mozart was given a gift that was denied Salieri, Salieri renounces God, then sets to destroying Mozart any way he can. Salieri sets up Mozarts wife, Constanze to come to his palace, with the ruse that she must have sex with him in order for Mozart to get a job teaching music to a young debutante. When young Constanze appears in the palace and proceeds to undress, he throws her out, humiliating her. He undermines Mozarts reputation with the Emperor at every turn. He sends in a spy to report

Sale of Property (Case Law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sale of Property (Case Law) - Essay Example To begin with, it is imperative to understand the different types of property that can be sold. Basically there are two types of property: real and personal property. Real property in this case refers to the land and anything that is growing, erected or affixed to it, including the crops and buildings. The term is also used to refer to any rights attached to the ownership of the land. Therefore, the terms real property and real estate both refer to land. Land also includes everything found above and beneath it such as oil, minerals and gases (Laitos 1998, p. 4-13). Personal property (movable property), on the other hand, is anything other than land which can be subject of ownership such as money, inventory, copyrights and patents, as well as intangible property. The difference between personal and real property can be recognized very easily. Nevertheless, its character can be altered. In this case, a property that was initially personal in nature may become a real property by being a nnexed to it. For instance, this may happen when a rail is converted into a fence on land. However, in certain cases the agreement or intention of the parties determines whether a property annexed retains its character as personal property. ... In this regard, possession refers to the interest in a given property under which an individual to the exclusion of others is able to exercise some degree of power over something. Basically, it is the property right that entitles the possessor to continue peaceful possession against any other person except someone with a superior right (Stoebuck, Whitman and Cunningham 2000, p.14-22). This also gives the possessor the right to recover personal property, that has been acquired wrongfully and to recover damages against offenders. As such, it means that in case Mr. Blog only possesses the said properties without ownership, then he has no right of passing the title to the purchaser. In this case, if he happens to transfer the property to the buyer and latter own its owner comes along and claim for it, then the buyer would have to surrender the property since it is voidable. Therefore, it is important that the buyer consider the true ownership of the property before committing to buying t he property. Based on the common law principle, an individual cannot pass a better title than he or she has (Mattei 2000, p.13-29). This implies that a buyer cannot acquire a better title than that of the seller. For instance, since a thief does not have a title to the stolen goods, it follows that a person who purchases goods that are stolen acquire no title. This implies that the purchaser would also have to determine if Mr. blog is the bona fide owner of the properties he is selling. This is to unearth whether the properties that Mr. Blog is to sell are stolen, grabbed or are for someone else. The reason being, if the properties that Mr. Blog wants to sell happens to have been acquired illegally, then any transfer to the purchaser

View to the Amalfi Coast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

View to the Amalfi Coast - Essay Example Helping along with his brother’s profession as a glass engraver, young Carl had already demonstrated his skills in art. His talent in painting was later on discovered and enhanced when he also helped in the studio of another painter named Hilker. Finally, studying art with the best and the most popular artists in Denmark such as Peter Kristian Skoovgaard (â€Å"Carl Frederick† and â€Å"View from Amalfi Coast†), he was able to master his craft and develop his own distinct painting style. Eventually perfecting his craft, Aargaard exhibited his work for the first time in 1857, marking the beginning of his successful career in realism landscape painting. Unlike other artists during his time, Aargaard’s career took off immediately after his first exhibition. Thus, he was referred to as one of the most influential artists during the Copenhagen’s Golden Age. Until recently, one of Aargaard’s most famous paintings is the Amalfi Coast, which is one a mong the many landscape paintings he had created during his time (â€Å"Carl Frederick†). Using oil as a medium on a cloth as a canvass, this 50 by 71 centimeters work of art was among the most loved paintings of all time. A combination of warm and cool colors is obvious in this particular painting of Aargaard. Yellow, orange, and brown are mixed along with blue and green. Using the genuine colors of nature emphasizes the reality that the painting would like to show off to its viewers. The different hues of yellow and green on the leaves make it appear more alive on the foreground. The non-living structures for which these leaves of what looks like bougainvillea enhances the color of the leaves due to its simpler monochromatic hues. The ocean and other structures in the background stay quiet as they do not show extremely different colors from the others. They blended together in a way that the weight of their colors does not go as far away from the others on the foreground. Apparently, as a

Economics The Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics The Industrial Revolution - Essay Example Most integrally local owners could now sell and trade nationally; however, that required them to now think on a national level. That rapid conceptual expansion could not be contained within the mind of even the most industrious and intelligent business owner. As a result the birth of the modern office is concomitant with the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution. The owner now had to employ people to do portions of the thinking for him or her. This meant increased bureaucracy and new methods of control had to be quickly established in order to make sure the different parts of the new business mind, decentralized and no longer localized in the head of one individual, could function efficiently. The second important feature of the Industrial Revolution is the creation of the factory system, as mass production became necessary and required to function on this national level; factories, characteristically structured and stratified, required new "scientific management" strategies in ord er maintain efficiency and increase profit margins as costs could easily spiral out of control in the attempt to keep up with production. This paper will briefly analyze the nature of the office and the rise of scientific management as two fundamental effects of the Industrial Revolution on business organization and operation. The rise of the modern office was a necessar

The Era of Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Era of Renaissance - Essay Example The spiritual content of painting changed where subjects from Roman history and mythology were borrowed. Devotional art of Christian orientation became classically humanized. The classical artistic principles, sensible expressions including harmonious parts as well as logical postures of Greek and Roman Artistry were adopted by Italian artist during this period. The rebirth of art in Italy was associated with the rediscovery of ancient philosophy, literature, and science and the growth of practical methods of study in these fields, consequentially the subject matter relative to Greek and Roman history and mythology is usually injected as the core theme of almost all artistic masterpieces at this time. Art became respected as a means for religious and social teaching, and a form of personal, visual expression. Both Italian renaissance and classic antiquity utilized human form as their subject but the prevalence of vibrant color and boldness was more depicted in the Italian renaissance art. Although much of the influence at this time was borrowed from the classic antiquities, what sets this era apart is the uniqueness brought about from blending the old and the new concepts. While it is true that the artistic talents of the Italian painters were made possible through the influences of many Greek artist who fled to Florence to seek refuge after the downfall of Constantinople, the improvements and modern touch of art depicted in most masterpieces during this time was mostly because of the imaginative perspectives of the artist honed and further developed through the newly acquired contemporary ideas and skills from Greek and Romans (Hunt. pg. 507). Where as the classical antiquity was confined to walls of catacombs, the Italian renaissance art were revered by many in many great cathedral ceilings, and although depicting heavenly subjects, realistic stories were conveyed even including the characteristic improvement of human form which the Greeks did not have in the ir style. The distinction and improvement of the depiction of the human form in the classic antiquity and Italian renaissance art is also quiet evident in the manner with which the Italian sculptures utilizes the S shape curve which is a characteristic feature where figures are described as emotionally restrained, graceful, elongated with delicate features. Sculpture further developed with the increasing accuracy of the human body. Idealized figures with the classic tradition of heroic nudity are commonly depicted (Hunt. pg.513). In the aspect of educational system, books and paintings contained many of the same stylistic qualities where manuscripts grew in demand as a form of social standard for those few literate where illustration figures are shown also in the S-shaped curve and are usually elongated with the modeling of garments to show volume (Hunt. pg.509). Where as printing is the new form of keeping annals of history as suppose to the old norms of classic antiquities which requires several scribed to hand write the pertinent information, both Greece and Italy were similar in the sense that there is an immense need to improve intellect during this time. They differ in the sense that while it takes time to handwrite the information this requiring more time to transmit information, this is greatly improve with the introduction of paper and

Management Accounting Essay Example for Free

Management Accounting Essay Economists and accountants have diametrically opposite views of cost-volume profit (CVP) behaviour but only accountants have a CVP model that is appropriate for assisting management with decision making Ryan Bebbington Word Count 1796 Economists and accountants have diametrically opposite views of cost-volume profit (CVP) behaviour but only accountants have a CVP model that is appropriate for assisting management with decision making Cost volume profit analysis looks into the relationship between a firms fixed and variable costs and total revenues across a varying level of production. The model will give a predicted level of profit at a given level of production. There are many ways that CVP analysis can be useful for decision making, it is important to distinguish between the different applications of the Economists and Accountants interpretations, as well as other factors involved in decision making. CVP analysis is used in management decisions when forecasting production levels. To use this model effectively, Management will look at different scenarios of output, prices and costs, and see where the model predicts the firms revenues will cover its total costs. This point is known as the breakeven point. Management can investigate the effects of price increases, changing costs from fixed to variable such as salaries to commission based pay. Managers can also investigate the outcomes from decisions such as making components in house or buying in, retaining or replacing equipment and marketing decisions. They can also investigate the sales mix. By having a prediction of the effects of these variables, managers will be able to make better decisions, as they have more information. CVP is a simplified model and thus has limitations to its analysis and predictions. When managers are aware of the limitations and how to correctly use CVP analysis it can be a powerful tool. Managers must be aware that there are assumptions that are made to simplify the CVP tool, as it cannot truly model the real business, as it would be far too complicated. The economists interpretation of the CVP graph, Figure 1, is based on two main assumptions, which explain the shape of the cost and revenue curves. The first assumption, which affects the revenue curve is that the firm is competing on price competition, this means that in order to increase sales, the firm must reduce the marginal selling price of the product. This causes the firms revenue curve to level off, as the marginal revenue falls to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0, as in figure 1b. After this point the firm is selling at a negative price, causing the firms total revenue to fall. The second assumption is based on the firms cost curve, is based on economies and diseconomies of scale. The firms economies of scale cause the variable cost per unit to decrease as production increases, as in figure 1b. This can be due to any of the economies of scale, such as purchasing, where a discount for bulk buying is received, managerial, where managers can become more specialised, financial where the firm is offered lower interest rates as there is a lower risk of lending. The Total cost curve will level off as these increasing returns to scale cause the production to reach a level of most efficient output. After this the firm will experience decreasing returns to scale, as the plant is operating at a higher production level than it was designed for, causing problems in production, such as bottlenecks in the production line. This causes the average unit cost to increase again, giving the curve its shape. It is important to understand that Economists are trying to most accurately model real world situations, rather than create a tool for management decisions. The accountants CVP model, figure 2, is based on a simpler interpretation of the cost and revenue functions, this is because Accountants are not concerned with provided an accurate representation of the cost and revenue functions, instead they wish to display the relevant ranges, figure 3, of production for the firm. As this is the information that is used for short-run decision making, as this is the time frame where the information is most useful for management decision making, information for longer term decision making is required for board level decisions, to do with the long term objectives of the company. The information that the firm uses to produce its cost and revenue curves is extracted from previous operating costs and revenues, this ensures that the information is reliable. The Accountants cost function, is a straight line, which assumes that for each additional unit produced, a standard variable cost is incurred, the assumption that production will only be occurring in a relevant range means that the firms production will not alter enough to cause increasing or decreasing returns to scale. The Accountants interpretation of the fixed cost curve is different to the Economists view because it meets the Y axis at a higher point, which indicates that the Accountants believe that firms are committed to a higher minimum level of fixed costs. This is because although a firm may reduce its fixed costs to a lower level, as in the Economists interpretation, the firm can only do this by redundancies and shutting down plants. As the Accountants model only represents a relevant range, the fixed costs cannot be reduced to this level in the short run, when this interpretation is extended outside of the relevant range, a stepped fixed cost and total function will be seen, as in figure 3. The other difference is that the revenue function is linear. This is because in the short run, firms cannot change the price of their products easily; it may also be because of firms competing on non-price, rather than price competition. As Accountants make no attempt to extend the revenue function outside of the relevant range, there is no need to model the firms decrease in product price to increase demand. The Accountants interpretation of the Cost Volume Profit model is more appropriate for Management decisions, as management decisions are not concerned with long term information. This is because the Board of Directors will be making the firms long term decisions. The information that the Economists model provides, includes a lot of information outside of this relevant range, this will affect the reliability of the data in the model. The data in the model will be less reliable as it is more difficult to accurately predict the behaviour of the cost and revenue functions, outside of the relevant range, as it is not based on past sales data. It will also be more expensive to compile the information needed as it is a more complex model. It can also be argued that some managers will find it difficult to interpret the Economists model, as the information will be more complex. Managers may wish to extend the CVP model to cover longer term decisions, will need to be aware of the long term behaviour of fixed costs. In the long term, firms will have a greater control over fixed costs, they can expand capacity by increasing floor space, hiring more supervisors and upgrading or purchasing new machinery. Which will give the firms fixed cost line a step function. Other factors will also affect the firms revenue and cost curves, such as advertising strategies, changes in political, environmental, social, economical, and legal factors, such as a change in VAT rate. These factors cannot easily be planned for and are not easily shown in long term CVP analysis, which is the main reason that CVP cannot accurately model long term production. One of the features useful for decision making, is the ability to display the information in different methods, one of these is the Margin of safety. This is the difference between the expected sales and break even sales, expressed as a percentage of the expected sales. It shows management the level that sales can fall by before the companys revenue falls below the breakeven point. The information can also be displayed as two other charts. The first is a contribution chart, figure 4, in this chart, the fixed costs are shown as the difference between the variable cost line and the total cost line. The total contribution is displayed as the difference between the revenue line and the variable cost line. It is useful for showing a total contribution level at any level of output. The other presentation is the Profit volume graph, figure 5; this graph is useful because the other two charts to not directly display the profit at any given level of production as it must be calculated. The P-V graph simply displays the firms profit or loss at any given level of production. These two graphs will be useful for management decisions concerned with contribution or profits at a given level of production. Once again, the economists version of these two graphs would be far too complicated, and the information will not be reliable enough to base management decisions on. In the real world, firms will be producing multi products, and spreading the overhead costs across each of these products. A firm may wish to alter the CVP analysis to reflect their product mix. This is done by grouping production into batches. The batches revenue and variable costs will be defined as the total of the products in the batch. The values for the batch are then applied to the CVP chart in the same way as a single product. For the CVP model to be used effectively by managers, they must be aware of the assumptions made whilst preparing and gathering the information. If management are not aware of the assumptions made in the data, then they will be unable to draw relevant conclusions from the information. The assumptions i are that all other variables remain constant; there is a constant sales mix, total costs and revenues are linear functions of output, profits are calculated using variable costing, the analysis only applies to the relevant range, costs can be divided into fixed and variable elements, it only applies to the short term, and fixed costs do not change. In conclusion, the Accountants interpretation of the CVP analysis, as shown by the underlying assumptions, will allow managers to develop a more relevant understanding of the information, so that it can be used more effectively in decision making. If managers tried to use the economists CVP graph, the cost of gathering and interpreting the data would be high, as well as making the information more difficult to understand and less reliable. In the real world, the Accountants model may be considered too simplistic, as it relies on many assumptions and conditions, which are often not met. This is why it important to understand that the Accountants CVP model may not be applicable. For the CVP analysis to be effective, managers must be aware of the limitations of the model, otherwise they will be unprepared for any deviations from the outputs of the model.

Pharmacy as a Profession Essay Example for Free

Pharmacy as a Profession Essay My observation made me acknowledge that pharmacy is a profession that is concerned with the provision of health services to the members of the society. These services are always administered basing on the perspective of the therapy of drugs. The pharmacy health care professionals normally deal with the identification, prevention and resolving the drug therapy problems in the society. The health care services provided by the pharmacists are usually considered as the pharmaceutical care. In this care we find that the professional deal with the patients in order to meet the needs of the sick people. While doing this they also provide education to the patients on how to use the prescribed drugs and informing them on the effectiveness of the drugs administered to them. The societal commitment of the professionals is to take the responsibility of ensuring that the patients and other people in the society are given the best drug therapy possible and this have attracted many people to get in this unit of health care provisions. It is also used in the prevention of illnesses that occur in the society by providing education and information on the illness to the people, so that they may be able to prevent themselves from the infection. According to my observation I found out that this profession involves the interaction of the pharmacy practitioner with the clients, thus individuals are recommended to have an enormous knowledge in communication and an artistic mind that will help me to raise and solve issues successfully. This goes hand in hand with the pharmacological interventions whose main objective is to help the ill person to get well. More interestingly I found out that this step is consequently supposed to be done with a great care by being specific, recognizing how often the care practice should be done and also if the care plan is understood easily while following the specified directions. I also understand that, under the professions management one is enabled to carryout the evaluation process which is always done with an ambition of ensuring whether the patient was able to meet the goal of the pharmacological care to be provided; The other benefit that I noticed while pharmacy as a profession is that of intermingling with other health professionals who are believed to be of higher rank in the general public and through this there is an actual improvement in pharmacological skills. The best part of the profession that excited me was that for those who want to join this profession they are usually required to undertake an undergraduate course in pharmacy, after which the student is required to sit for a national board examination through the pharmacy examining board and then one should have a practical experience that is termed as an internship. The other requirement is that one needs to have a great knowledge in communication and a creative mind that will enable the person to raise and solve issues in an effective way. The individual must be willing to accept the responsibility of his actions since the whole society’s health depends on the individual. This implies that the person interested in the career should have the professional attitude while carrying out the health care associated activities. I also found out that after successfully completing the required pharmacist courses and obtaining license to work as a pharmacist an individual can open his/her pharmaceutical business, work   with community pharmaceuticals or government sponsored hospitals among others. The fundamental reward that pharmacists receive is the payment made by the patients who require prescriptions of drugs. There is also the benefit of intermingling with medical professionals believed to be of higher rank in the society.   The professionals under this career have the opportunity of working in various areas including hospitals, home, schools and also pharmaceutical industries whereby they usually work as consultants to the provision of drug therapy in the society.

Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. Frutescens

Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. Frutescens Kabir Prema Introduction Rationale There are approximately 6.1 million people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in South Africa (Unaids.org, 2014). People with HIV/Aids have a higher risk of getting secondary infections and diseases such as Tuberculosis, which is the cause of many deaths in South Africa (Tbfacts.org, 2014). About 5.5 million people in South Africa are infected with Tuberculosis (Salim S. Abdool Karim, 2009). I have chosen to research and experiment on the Sutherlandia frutescens because it has anti-bacterial and anti-HIV properties (Katerere and Eloff, 2014). I also have a keen interest in alternative medicines so researching and testing a plant with many diverse properties such as S. frutescens will be an interesting and fruitful experience for me. Hypothesis Compounds extracted from S. frutescens have antibacterial properties. Aim: To test three extraction methods (water, ethanol and acetone) on S. frutescens, to see which method will have the most effective anti-bacterial properties on two different strains of bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis). Research and Experimental Methodology: For this project I will rely on secondary research. Which includes research articles and information from websites on the S. frutescens, extraction methods of antibacterial compounds and statistics regarding specific diseases affecting South Africa. I will also be doing primary research such as using different extraction methods to extract the antibacterial compounds from S. frutescens. I will testing the extracts on two different strains of bacteria. Limitations The limitations that I would face in my research task would be the reliability of the research articles I used with regards to the S.frutescens. The strains of bacteria that I’m using are harmful to human beings. Review of Literature Source 1: Title: A review of the taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae). Authors: B-E. van Wyk, C. Albrecht Year of publication: 2008 Summary: The article is a review of many different articles on S. frutescens. The article focuses on the chemistry and ethnopharmacology of S. frutescens. It names the ailments that S. frutescens is used to treat ailments such as urinary tract infections and HIV. It’s also used as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Its has been shown that S. frutescens has been widely used as a medication by various groups in South Africa particularly the in the Western Cape. Validity: This article is review of many different articles and most of the  information is derived from other articles concerning  S. frutescens and its properties and uses. Reliability: This article is from the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, which is published on the journal publishing site elsevier.com. The journal was also reviewed by a board of editors from many  different countries. Evidence use to support conclusion: The leaves of the Sutherlandia frutescens have antibacterial properties. Recent studies on this plant have mostly focused on the anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, analgesic and antibacterial activities. Usefulness: The article describes the many uses and properties of S. frutescens such as it’s antibacterial properties, it’s anti-inflammatory and its anti-HIV properties. The article also goes over the many uses of S. frutescens ov Limitations: The article doesn’t elaborate on much on the antibacterial activities of S.frutescens The article doesn’t show methods of extracting S.frutescens. Author Credentials: B-E. van Wyk is a professor at the University  of Johannesburg and teaches undergraduate plant taxonomy,  postgraduate taxonomy, systematics, chemosystematics of African  plant families, medical plant chemistry and ethnobotany. Source 2: Title: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae), A Reputed Anti-HIV/AIDS Phytomedicine Authors: David R. Katerere†  and Jacobus N. Eloff* Year of publication: 2005 Summary: The article describes the extraction methods that were used to extract S.frutescens The article also describes the how the different extracts where tested on different strains of bacteria. The article is about the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of S.frutescens. The second method of extraction produced a greater yield than the first method of extraction. Validity: The first extraction method used five grams of a commercially available leaf sample of Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/ Unwele ®). The Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/ Unwele ®) sample was consecutively extracted three times using different substances, first with Hexane (coded SF-H), then by dichloromethane (DCM) (SF-D), then by acetone (SF-A) and finally by ethylacetate (SF-E). The second method consisted of splitting a leaf sample of a Sutherlandia frutescens into three portions weighing 5g each. The portions where portions where extracted separately twice with acetone, ethanol and water. Each extract was then dried using a rotary evaporator and weighed. The aqueous extract was then freeze dried. Reliability: S, frutescens was extracted using two different extraction methods. Evidence use to support conclusion: The total yield of all four solvents in the first method of extraction was 10.5%. In the second extraction method, acetone extracted 5.6%. Ethanol extracted 12.6% while eater extracted 17.2%. Usefulness: It’s useful as it gives methods to extract the active ingredient  from the plant. Limitations: The article doesn’t give a testing method that I can easily perform at school. Author’s Credentials David R. Katerere† : Specialist Scientist at SA MRC, Visiting  scientist at Scynexis, visiting scientist at UNINA, trainee  Pharmacist at Drug Tech Pharmacy, Chief Bioanalyst at  PAREXEL, Postdoc at University of Pretoria Jacobus N. Eloff*: Gold Medal for Science for Society  Academy for Science of South Africa (September 2012), Gold  medal of the South African Academy for Science and Art is  awarded for Scientific and Technological Achievement, Bronze  medal from the International Horticultural Society (December  2008) in recognition of the organising the World Conference on Medical and Aromatic Plants. Source 3: Title: Five Ochna species have high antibacterial activity and more  than ten antibacterial compounds Authors: Tshepiso J. Makhafola1 Jacobus N. Eloff1 Year of publication: 2011 Summary: The article is about the antibacterial activities of five Ochna species. Leaf samples where extracted using different mediums from the leaf. The extracts were tested against various strains of bacteria. Validity: The dried leaf powder was extracted with 20mL of acetone. The solution was then shaken in 50 mL centrifuge tubes and  centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 rpm. The extracts were  decanted through into glass vials through filter papers and the  solution was concentrated to dryness with a stream of cold air. Only clean and dry leaves were selected, the selected leaves had no blemishes or dirt. The leaves were not washed with water as the water would possibly extract some water-soluble compounds, and to limit the posibilty of fungal growth on the leaves due to the moisture left on the surface due to the water. The leaves were dried at room temperature in the dark. The leaves were then made into a fine powder, with the particles being less than 1 mm in diameter. The leaves were then stored in sealed glass bottles in the dark to reduce chemical changes in the compounds present in the leaves. Reliability: There were no competing interests the article. Evidence use to support conclusion: The percentage yield in acetone between the five species was: O. gamostigmata (8%), followed by O. pulchdra, (7.5%), O. serullata (7%) O. pretorienses and O. natalitia ((2.5%) Usefulness: This article shows different extraction methods and it also gives  a suggestion to which extraction method and solvent worked  the best to extract the particular compounds. It provides detailed  images, tables and graphs which makes it easier to view the data  that was collected. Limitations: Only gives information about on genus of plant (Ochna) and there is no information of S. frutescens. Author’s Credentials Kobus (Jacobus N) Eloff: Gold Medal for Science for Society,  Eskom award for capacity development, Gold medal of the South  African Academy for Science and Art is awarded for Scientific  and Technological Achievement, Gold Medal for Botany Tshepiso Makhafola: Attended the University of Pretoria from  2008-2010. He has skills and expertise in research, molecular  biology and biotechnology. Source 4: Title: Influence of Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on cell  numbers, morphology and gene expression in MCF-7  cells Authors: B.A. Standera, S. Maraisa, T.J. Steynberga, D. Theronb, F.  Joubertc, C. Albrechtd  and A.M. Jouberta Year of publication: 2007 Summary: The article is about the influence of S.frutescens on cell numbers, morphology and gene expression in MCF-7 cells. An extraction was made our of small twogs and leaves, the solution was then filtered. It was demonstrated that ethanolic extracts of S. frutescens inhibited multiplying of MCF-7 mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Validity: Dulbeccos minimum essential medium eagle (DMEM)  with Glutamaxâ„ ¢ (Gibco BRL, USA) †¢ Trypsin–EDTA †¢ Crystal violet DNA stain was used to determine the  number of cells. (Spectrophotometrically) †¢ Heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) was used to  culture the MCF – 7 human breast cell line. †¢ Penicillin was used to culture the MCF – 7 human  breast cell line. †¢ Streptomycin was used to culture MCF – 7 human  breast cell line. †¢ Sterile cell culture flasks †¢ 96-well plates where used to house the culturing cells. †¢ MCF-7 human breast a denoma carcinoma cell line  were cultured in DMEM †¢ Cell Morphology: Two hundred and fifty thousand   MCF-7 cells were put onto heat-sterilized coverslips  in well plates and they were exposed to 1.5 mg/ml of  Sutherlandia Frutescence extract for periods of 24, 36,  48, and 72 hours at 37 °C cells where counted using a  microsceope. Reliability: Sterile culture flasks and well plates where used, the cultures  where kept at a constant temperature of 37 °C and in a  humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2, the specimens of  Sutherlandia frutescens were air dried in the shade in the  area of Murraysburg in the Karoo, to reduce the chance  degradation of the specimens. The specimens where identified  as Sutherlandia frutescens by the botany and biotechnology  department at the university of Johannesburg. 1 gram of Sutherlandia frutescens was mixed with 10ml of 70%  ethanol to produce a stock solution. After the extraction of the  Sutherlandia frutescens it was centrifuged to remove any debris  and then it was filtered twice to obtain a purified 100mg/ml  stock solution. The cells where cultured for 24 hours. Vehicle controles where  used prove the effectiveness of the Sutherladnia frutescens. The results that were obtained were statistically analysed for  significance using analysis of variance factor model. This was  then proceeded by a two-tailed Student’s t-test. Evidence use to support conclusion: The ethanol extracts of the Sutherlandia frutescens inhibited  the growth of the MCF-7 mammary adencarcenoma cells of the  period of 72 hours. 1.5 mg/ml of the Sutherlandia frutescens  ethanol extract was statistically found to reduce 50% of the  growth of MCF-7 cell over 24 hours when compared to the  vehicle-treated control. Usefulness: It shows different methods of extracting the Sutherlandia  frutescens and different substances used to extract the plant. It  also gives results that have been statistically proven. Limitations: There aren’t any tests to prove its antibacterial effectiveness. The article doesn’t mention the chemical compounds present in  the plant that prove it’s effectiveness. Author’s Credentials B.A. Stander: Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa S. Marais: Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa T.J. Steynberg: Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa D. Theron: ACGT Microarray Facility, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa F. Joubert: Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa C. Albrecht: Cancer Association of South Africa, P.O. Box 2121, Bedfordview 2008, South Africa A.M. Joubert: Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Source 5: Title: Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae) Authors: Stefano Banfi, Enrico Caruso, Viviana Orlandi, Paola Barbieri,  Serena Cavallari, Paolo Viganà ², Pierangelo Clerici and Luca  Chiodaroli Year of publication: 2014 Summary: Guiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum lwaves were  used and tested on for the presence of antibacterial compounds. Five solvents were used to extract the plant material; the solvents  were used in increasing polarity. Escherichia coli C1a and  Staphylococcus aureus MSSA were used to test the antibacterial  effectiveness of the plants. A bioautographic method was used to  monitor the antibacterial activity of the plants extracts throughout  the purification steps. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration  and Minimum Bacterial Concentration of the most purified and  active plant extracts were evaluated at the end of the procedure. Validity: Dry leaves extraction procedure: Whole leaves of C. micranthum and G. senegalensis, were dried immediately after  obtaining them from the plant in a local drying room at 40 °C. The dried leaves were then sent to Varses. Dried whole leaves  weighing 100g were poured in a 2.5 L bottle and treated with  600ml of cyclohexane (least polar solvent). After a period  of 24 hours the leaves were separated from the solvent by  means of a Buckner funnel. This procedure was repeated using  progressively more polar solvents: toluene, acetone, EtOH and  water respectively. Agar diffusion assay: Between 4-5 isolated colonies of each  strain were collected and resuspended in 5ml of PB. It was then  put onto its respective solid growth medium by means of a sterile  cotton swab. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for a set amount  of time required for each microorganism. The antibacterial effect  of the extract was measured by measuring the growth inhibition  halo. Pictures if the inhibition halos were taken using a camera to  document the findings. Reliability: Incubation temperature was kept constant at 37 °C. Evidence  of the inhibition rings were taken by means of a photo camera  and those images were later analysed. A fair test was performed  as four different methods of extraction where used, each with  increasing polarity. Evidence use to support conclusion: Cm4-P showed good activity against S. aureus and S. xylosus. Cm4-P showed some activity against Gram negative strains. Gs2-Paq was found to be more active against the Gram positive strians  compared to Cm4-P. Usefulness: Gives an example of how an extraction could be done by ordering  the solvents according to polarity. It shows how the inhibition  rings can be measured and analysed i.e. By means of taking  photographs. Limitations: The article doesn’t show extraction methods and testing methods for S. frutescens Author’s Credentials Stefano Banfi: Degree in organic chemistry in February1980 at the University of Milan, Assistant Professor in Organic Chemistry. Enrico Caruso: Graduated with a degree in organic chemistry in October 1998 from the University of Milan, Assistant Professor in Organic Chemistry, Viviana Orlandi: 1995: Degree in Biological Sciences, University of Milan discussing a thesis on Expression of oppioid receptor in primary coltures of murine cortex neurons: trasduction signal pathway and interaction with glutamate receptors. Member of the Italian Society for General Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (SIMGBM). Paola Barbieri: 1980: Degree in Biological Science at the University of Milan, Institute of Genetics. Member of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)Member of the Italian Society for General Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (SIMGBM). Serena Cavallari: Paolo Viganà ²: Degree in Biological Sciences; Postgraduate Diploma in Microbiology, Doctor of Biological Sciences; Specialist in Microbiology Luca Chiodaroli: Conclusion Source 1 deals with the general usage of S.frutescens as a medicinal plant in South Africa. Source 2 deals with the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of S. frutescens. It also shows extraction methods and bacterial testing methods. Source 3 shows the antibacterial activities of the Ochna species of plants. This source gives an indication of what types of bacteria that need to be used for testing the antibacterial activities of the S. frutescens. Source 4 is about the influence of S. frutescens extract on MCF-7 cells. It has a good indication of an extraction method that can be used. Source 5 is about the antibacterial activity of leaf exracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis. It gives an example of an extraction method that can be used for S. frutescens. All the sources deal with extraction method that can be used for certain plants. Not all the articles deal with the extraction methods and testing of S. frutescens. References: B-E. van Wyk and C. Albrecht, 2008. A review of the taxonomy,  ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia  frutescens (Fabaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [Online].  119, 621-629. Available at: http://def-sa.com/def/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/A-review-of-the-taxonomy-ethnobotany-chemistry-and-pharmacology.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2014]. David R. Katerere†  and Jacobus N. Eloff . 2005. Antibacterial  and Antioxidant Activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae), A  Reputed Anti-HIV/AIDS Phytomedicine. [ONLINE] Available at:  http://def-sa.com/def/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Antibacterial-and-Antioxidant-Activity-of1.pdf. [Accessed 06 April 14].   Tshepiso J. Makhafola and Jacobus N. Eloff. (2011). Five  Ochna species have high antibacterial activity and more than  ten antibacterial compounds. South African Journal of Science  [online]. 108, 689.Available From:http://www.sajs.co.za/five-ochna-species-have-high-antibacterial-activity-and-more-ten-antibacterial-compounds/makhafola-tshepiso-eloff-jacobus. St, er, B., Marais, S., Steynberg, T., Theron,  D., Joubert, F., Albrecht, C. and Joubert, A. (2007). Influence  of Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on cell numbers,  morphology and gene expression in MCF-7 cells. Journal of  ethnopharmacology, 112(2), pp.312318. Banfi, S., Caruso, E., Orlandi, V., Barbieri, P., Cavallari,  Ã‚  S., Vigano, P., Clerici, P. and Chiodaroli, L. (2014). Antibacterial Activity  of Leaf Extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis  (Combretaceae). Research Journal of Microbiology, [online] 9(2), pp.66-81. Salim S. Abdool Karim, S. (2009). HIV infection and tuberculosis in South Africa: an urgent need to escalate the public health response. Lancet, [online] 374(9693), p.921. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803032/ [Accessed 14 May. 2014]. Fritz Lherisson, F. (2014). South Africa. [online] Unaids.org. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica/ [Accessed 16 May. 2014].

The Holocaust :: Holocaust Essays, The Nazis

When I visited the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, I was sickened to learn of horrifying Nazi activities intended to improve the Aryan race and to learn about the human body.ï ¿ ½ While many people are aware that the Nazis had these goals, most are uninformed of the means used to reach them.ï ¿ ½ I was also ignorant of the extent of their attempts to establish themselves as ideal specimens of the human race.ï ¿ ½ They used many unforgivable methods to accomplish these aims, some of which were revealed to me during my visit to the museum. The Nazis attempted to create a master race through both vicious and less cruel means.ï ¿ ½ Before my visit to the museum, I was unaware that the Nazis had a program for forced sterilization for those who had genetic disorders or any traits that were undesirable to be passed down hereditarily (Holocaust Museum).ï ¿ ½ These included the mentally ill, the blind, the deaf, those with severe physical abnormalities, serious alcoholics, and Germans that were half-African (Holocaust Museum).ï ¿ ½ The sterilization of these people was legalized by the Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring, which took effect in 1933 (ï ¿ ½Deadly Medicineï ¿ ½).ï ¿ ½ Cases were heard by courts, but the vast majority of cases ended in the order to sterilize (ï ¿ ½Deadly Medicineï ¿ ½).ï ¿ ½ It is estimated that 300,000 Germans were forcibly sterilized by Nazi demand (Holocaust Museum).ï ¿ ½ Similar programs were in effect elsewhere in the world, including the United States (ï ¿ ½De adly Medicineï ¿ ½).ï ¿ ½ A law was implemented in Virginia allowing forced sterilization of ï ¿ ½feeblemindedï ¿ ½ people, and it was judged legal by the Supreme Court (ï ¿ ½Deadly Medicineï ¿ ½).ï ¿ ½ Euthanasia was also used by the Nazis to eliminate these people, even children (ï ¿ ½Deadly Medicineï ¿ ½).ï ¿ ½ Parents of the euthanized children were told that they had died from other causes, even though the children were murdered in hospitals (ï ¿ ½Deadly Medicineï ¿ ½).ï ¿ ½ Less severe methods of creating a perfect race included the Nuremberg Laws, which outlawed marriages between Jews and Germans, and the encouragement of large Aryan families with the ï ¿ ½Honor Cross of German Motherhood,ï ¿ ½ where mothers of four or more were given medals (ï ¿ ½Deadly Medicineï ¿ ½).ï ¿ ½ I was stunned to learn the extent of the Nazisï ¿ ½ actions that were intended to create a perfect race, and I was sickened to think that the Nazis might have committed further crimes s uch as these that are still unknown to the public. The Nazis also performed cruel medical experiments on Jewish prisoners, both living and dead.

Jamaican Culture and Society Essay examples -- American History

Jamaican Culture and Society I. Introduction- Retracing the Remnants of Colonialism: When discussing and analyzing contemporary Caribbean culture one must not fail to acknowledge the dreadful legacies of colonialism and imperialism. Contemporary Caribbean society, politics, and economics thinly veil the ramifications of a colonial and hegemonic past. Due to the remnants of colonial institutions such as slavery and the plantation system, the Caribbean has experienced a range of negative societal effects, namely the consolidation of a unifying cultural identity. The demise of colonialism in the Caribbean did not mark the end of social stratification based on racial and ethnic divisions. The prevailing racial distinctions and hierarchy that characterized colonialism via the institution of slavery have historically thwarted any systematic attempt to create a distinct national cultural identity. Thus, this study of the Jamaican culture and society will intimately relate racial ideologies and social class structures in order to illustrate the dynamics of the Jamaican cultu ral identity crisis. II. The Emergence and Implications of a Social Caste System: The post-colonial period in the Caribbean posed the challenge of creating nation states with thriving societies that would meet the desires and destinies of their inhabitants. Jamaica, which recently attained its independence from Great Britain in 1962, was indeed no exception to this challenge. In fact, Jamaica, like many of its Caribbean counterparts, "had an inordinate difficulty in creating and maintaining a strong, cohesive national sensibility" (Knight, 307). The difficulty of creating a cohesive national identity initially emerged in the post-emancipation period in J... ...liography- Excerpts taken from: Michelle Cliff’s essay, "If I Could Write This With Fire." Henriques, Fernando. Jamaica: Land of Wood and Water. Maggibbon & Kee: London. 1957 Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism. Oxford University Press: New York, 1990. Lawson, Winston Arthur. Religion and Race: African and European Roots in Conflict- A Jamaican Testament. Peter Lang Publishing: New York, 1996. Morris, Mervyn. "Making West Indian Literature" University of the West Indies 2013. Web 9 May 2015. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1280&context=anthurium Nettleford, Rex. Caribbean Cultural Identity: The case of Jamaica- An Essay in Cultural Dynamics. UCLA Publications: Los Angeles. Nettleford, Rex. Identity, Race and Protest in Jamaica. William Morrow & Company: New York, 1972.

Future of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Essays -- Automobile Car Vehicle Energy

The Future of Hydrogen Fuel Cells The present global economy is nearly entirely dependent on petroleum and crude oil imports from the Middle East. Where the current situation stands now, oil prices will continue to skyrocket and the environmental impact will continue becoming greater if no form of alternative energy is implemented to a greater extent within the coming years. However, to this effect, the industrial cost of producing such forms of alternative energy is in itself primarily composed of coal and petroleum. In this light, I will investigate the practicality of hydrogen fuel cells based upon hydrogen consumption and exploitation. Hydrogen holds enormous promise for the future regarding alternative energy sources. To this point, its ability to be used in cars, weapons, and as miniature batteries has been demonstrated by many companies. However, if this is the case, hydrogen should be the leading supplier of power around the world. What prevents it from being so? With alternate energy sources becoming more and more necessary and desirable, not only does the future hold promise for a cleaner environment, but many companies and entrepreneurs have the potential to make billions of dollars should hydrogen, nuclear, or some other alternative source of energy become implemented worldwide. Let it first be understood the underlying principles of hydrogen power production in a fuel cell. There exist many hydrogen fuel cells being developed by multiple companies worldwide; however, the fuel cell showing the most promise as a future source of alternative power is the Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and is widely regarded as a possible replacement for diesel and petroleum cars (http://www.fctec.com/fctec_types_pem... ...n production and subsequently, on the market. Thus, until the industrial cost for hydrogen fuel cells is reduced and its practicality increased, this renewable and abundant source of energy will remain on the smaller scale. Works Cited †¢ University of California, Irvine, "NFCRC Tutorial: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." NFCRC. 30 Jul 2008 . †¢ Rayment, Chris. "Introduction of Fuel Cell Technology." University of Notre Dame. 2 May 2003. University of Notre Dame. 30 Jul 2008 . †¢ "Hydrogen Fuel Cell." Georgia State University. Georgia State University. 30 Jul 2008 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/thermo/electrol.html#c2. †¢ "How Fuel Cells Work." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com. 30 Jul 2008 . Future of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Essays -- Automobile Car Vehicle Energy The Future of Hydrogen Fuel Cells The present global economy is nearly entirely dependent on petroleum and crude oil imports from the Middle East. Where the current situation stands now, oil prices will continue to skyrocket and the environmental impact will continue becoming greater if no form of alternative energy is implemented to a greater extent within the coming years. However, to this effect, the industrial cost of producing such forms of alternative energy is in itself primarily composed of coal and petroleum. In this light, I will investigate the practicality of hydrogen fuel cells based upon hydrogen consumption and exploitation. Hydrogen holds enormous promise for the future regarding alternative energy sources. To this point, its ability to be used in cars, weapons, and as miniature batteries has been demonstrated by many companies. However, if this is the case, hydrogen should be the leading supplier of power around the world. What prevents it from being so? With alternate energy sources becoming more and more necessary and desirable, not only does the future hold promise for a cleaner environment, but many companies and entrepreneurs have the potential to make billions of dollars should hydrogen, nuclear, or some other alternative source of energy become implemented worldwide. Let it first be understood the underlying principles of hydrogen power production in a fuel cell. There exist many hydrogen fuel cells being developed by multiple companies worldwide; however, the fuel cell showing the most promise as a future source of alternative power is the Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and is widely regarded as a possible replacement for diesel and petroleum cars (http://www.fctec.com/fctec_types_pem... ...n production and subsequently, on the market. Thus, until the industrial cost for hydrogen fuel cells is reduced and its practicality increased, this renewable and abundant source of energy will remain on the smaller scale. Works Cited †¢ University of California, Irvine, "NFCRC Tutorial: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." NFCRC. 30 Jul 2008 . †¢ Rayment, Chris. "Introduction of Fuel Cell Technology." University of Notre Dame. 2 May 2003. University of Notre Dame. 30 Jul 2008 . †¢ "Hydrogen Fuel Cell." Georgia State University. Georgia State University. 30 Jul 2008 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/thermo/electrol.html#c2. †¢ "How Fuel Cells Work." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com. 30 Jul 2008 .

Rogerian Essay: Same Sex Schools vs. Co-Ed School

Samantha Finocchio English 211 Mrs. Plummer March 5th, 2o13 Rogerian Essay Same Sex Schools vs. Co-ed Schools People everywhere have different beliefs. In this case, trying to decide whether schools should be the same gender or mixed gender is the problem. This predicament is affecting how our children of the future will learn and succeed in life. There are pros and cons for both co-ed and same sex schooling. Some say co-ed schools should remain the way they are; others strongly disagree and believe that schools should consist of one sex only. Same sex schools can be down right awful for some students.Depending on how you look at it, the co-ed interaction could be great. Some students need the socialization to live. These types of students thrive on it. They want to be able to learn about the other sex so later in life they will not feel vulnerable when they enter the real world. The real world is clearly full of both men and women. Job atmospheres are almost always co-ed nowadays. W ithout growing up in that type of environment young adults from same sex schools may not know how to react when they get there. Being stuck in a same gender school your whole life can be boring and drab.There is no personal expression, style, flirting, or even any drama. People live for these things and they are not accessible in same sex schools they will be distressed. Another reason co-ed schools tower over private same sex schools is because private schools are too strict. One way they are is because they often require uniforms. Uniforms are no fun when you cannot express your own style. They do not give individuals the opportunity to express themselves by being different. Another reason co-ed schools are better is because they are often easier on their students when it comes to discipline.A lot of parents feel that the discipline should be learned at home. The education facility is a place to learn about school matters, not etiquette. Although, co-ed schools may be more fun and entertaining, are the students actually learning anything? Evidently, co-ed schools do have their positive effects on students but same sex schools are ultimately better. Co-ed schools cannot compete with private same sex schools because the same sex schools are much better environments for focus and learning purposes. That is the main importance of this problem. A greater amount of work will get done if it is only girls and only boys.Schools that are same gender are generally private schools. This means the students would be wearing uniforms. Uniforms stand for unity and equality. They make it so that everyone is equal and clothes will not be an indicator of popularity or wealth. No one will be compared to others because of what they are wearing since they will all be dressed the same. Flirting and sexual activity will be cut down extremely. When boys and girls are together they often tend to get distracted and in trouble by talking, giggling or caught up in each other and not get their school work done. This would also cut back on the drama.Girls tend to fight and cause drama but when you take boys out of the picture a majority of the problems will dissolve. Often, children, teens, and young adults who are misbehaved have parents that cannot handle them and end up sending them away to boarding schools to learn discipline. Every school will be same sex/private so parents will not have to worry about sending their child away because they will get the same discipline in every single school. It was proven in 2000 by ACER that â€Å"boys and girls in single-sex schools were more likely to be better behaved and to find learning more enjoyable and the curriculum more relevant. This being said, with only of the genders in the classroom, class sizes would be cut in half. Smaller classes will allow each teacher to better focus on each student individually. Although people have views on same sex and co-ed schools that differ drastically, they can come to a compromise by doing a little of both. This consensus will be that schools will be same sex from kindergarten to eighth grade. This will give children the to chance to learn the fundamentals of their studies with no interruptions. They will be able to learn discipline in their younger years so when they get older they will already have the skills to use in life.Compromising for the people who are for co-ed schools, all of high school and higher education co-ed schooling will be a choice. Being in a co-ed environment as a young adult will give them enough experience for the real world while already have the superior essentials from same sex private schools in their childhood. These same gender schools at an elementary and middle school level will then turn into co-ed school for high school and benefit both sides of the problem. WORK CITED â€Å"NASSPE: Research Single-Sex vs. Coed: The Evidence. † NASSPE: Research Single-Sex vs. Coed: The Evidence. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Mar. 2013.