What Is a Bibliography

A  bibliography is a list of books, scholarly  articles, speeches, private records, diaries, interviews, laws, letters, websites, and other sources you use when researching a topic and writing a paper. The bibliography appears at the end. The main purpose of a bibliography entry is to give credit to authors whose work youve consulted in your research. It also makes it easy for a reader to find out more about your topic by delving into the research that you used to write your paper. In the academic world, papers arent written in a vacuum; academic journals are the way new research on a topic circulates and previous work is built upon. Bibliography entries must be written in a very specific format, but that format will depend  on the particular style of writing you follow. Your teacher or publisher will tell you which style to use, and for most academic papers it will be either MLA, American Psychological Association (APA), Chicago (author-date citations or footnotes/endnotes format), or Turabian style. The bibliography is sometimes also called the references, works cited, or works consulted page. Components of a Bibliography Entry Bibliography entries will compile: Authors and/or editors (and translator, if applicable)Title of your source (as well as edition, volume, and the book title if your source is a chapter or article in a multi-author book with an editor)Publication information (the city, state, name of the publisher, date published, page numbers consulted, and URL or DOI, if applicable)Access date, in the case of online sources (check with the style guide at the beginning of your research as to whether you need to track this information) Order and Formatting Your entries should be listed in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author. If you are using two publications that are written by the same author, the order and format will depend on the style guide. In MLA, Chicago, and Turabian style, you should list the  duplicate-author entries in alphabetical order according to the title of the work. The authors name is written as normal for his or her first entry, but for the second entry, you will replace the authors name with three long dashes.   In APA style, you list the duplicate-author entries in chronological order of publication, placing the earliest first. The name of the author  is used for all entries. For works with more than one author, styles vary as to whether you invert the name of any authors after the first. Whether you use title casing or sentence-style casing on titles of sources, and whether you separate elements with commas or periods also varies among different style guides. Consult the guides manual for more detailed information. Bibliography entries are usually formatted using a hanging indent. This means that the first line of each citation is not indented, but subsequent lines of each citation are indented. Check with your instructor or publication to see if this format is required, and look up information in your word processors help program if you do not know how to create a hanging indent with it. Chicago's Bibliography vs. Reference System Chicago has two different ways of citing works consulted: using a bibliography or a references page. Use of a bibliography or a references page depends on whether youre using author-date parenthetical citations in the paper or footnotes/endnotes. If youre using parenthetical citations, then youll follow the references page formatting. If youre using footnotes or endnotes, youll use a bibliography. The difference in the formatting of entries between the two systems is the location of the date of the cited publication. In a bibliography, it goes at the end of an entry. In a references list in the author-date style, it goes right after the authors name, similar to APA style.

An Analysis in the Caltech Rationale - 829 Words

In the analysis of the events and inspirations in my life that led to my decision on where to attend college, I view the motif of puzzles and games of logic stemming from my infancy into the current day as a major component of the reason I picked Caltech over Penn, the final two colleges in narrowing down my college search. Caltech, a very small school of 235 students per grade represented hardcore academics with an infamously difficult core curriculum, focused mainly in pure and applied math and sciences, went at odds with the University of Pennsylvania’s class size of 2400, representing a school more renowned for its Wharton School of Business than its sciences and for the college and social experiences, as it’s widely known as the Social Ivy. The decision between these two extremes – an Ivy League prestige and a fun four years versus academic rigor and a strenuous undergraduate experience filled with all-nighters – represents a microcosm of my values as the amalgamation of my past experiences, which, due to the motif of puzzles, contributed to my personal convictions for (1) the study of some form of mathematics, possibly consolidated with real-life applications, and (2) my personal philosophy of striving for knowledge and being at the top of my field, no matter the sacrifice. As a toddler, I loved to sit with my grandma and work for hours on jigsaw puzzles of increasing difficulty, as the pictures got bigger and the pieces got smaller. This led to my appreciation of

What’s Happening To Our Girls Free Essays

Written my Maggie Hamilton presents the Issue that girls all over the world feel pressures at some stage of their lives. Hamilton presents this idea to the reader in a negative way in comparison to how popular culture and wider society encourages it. As girls are growing up, they feel pressures regarding their desires to be a woman, body Image and pressures from parents and teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on What’s Happening To Our Girls or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hamilton expresses these Ideas through the use of expository conventions such as interviews, facts and expert opinion. Young girls ranging from the ages of 3-12 are becoming more and more like managers. Their clothes are getting skimpier and their desires are constantly growing. The expository text What’s happening to our girls? Presents this issue through the use of interviews expert opinion. Hamilton conveys the idea of young girls losing their childhood in a negative way to the reader through the use of her expert opinion. An example of this from the text Is â€Å"Teenage life can’t come quickly enough for most teens. By now they’re more than ready to leave their little-girl self behind. † (Peg. 31 ) This is explaining how girls are losing their valuable and replaceable childhood experiences that they are now missing out on due to the strong Influences that popular culture has on them. Hamilton is encouraging the parents of these young girls to not spoil their children by giving them everything they desire but to engage them within their community and to mix with a variety of people from different generations. Another convention used to convey the message is facts. An example of this In the text is â€Å"In one study of girls aged 5-8, over a quarter of the 5-year-old-galls wished they were These facts support the idea that arils are growing up too fast and that these are the issues that adults should be worrying about, not young girls. In popular culture, these ideas are also presented, but in a deferent way. Girls are being encouraged to have the latest technology, clothes and makeup through the use of Images In magazines. Magazine companies use specific images to encourage girls to step into the world of woman hood. An example of this is in one Bliss magazine, they published the A-Z of sex. This is handing out unnecessary information to young readers that they would never need to know at their age. Girls feel that they have to live up to these expectations that boys and their peers have of them and they will do anything to be accepted. While the majority of parents would be horrified by the way these Ideas are presented to their young girls, many parents support the idea of their little girls wearing bras, makeup and obsessing about their clothes. In my personal opinion I believe that young girls should embrace and enjoy their worries and carefree days Like I did when I was a child. Hamilton suggests that this Is a growing concern in our society today as it encourages girls to become over sexualities. Popular culture is encouraging the over exultation’s of girls and wider society Is trying their best to stop It. 1 OFF expresses this idea through the use of conventions such as facts and interviews in a negative way to the reader. Majority of girls in modern society are very self- conscious. Afraid of being constantly Judged, girls are relentlessly striving to keep up with the latest fashions and their desires to be thin Just so they can fit in. Many girls go to the extremes of starving themselves and purging Just to feel accepted by others. Hamilton is presenting this issue in a negative way to the reader through the SE of interviews. An example of this is in the text is â€Å"Eating disorders are really quite a common thing, but you kind of get used to it-like that’s the way it is. † Peg. 07). This is explaining to the reader how common eating disorders are becoming and how girls don’t think much of it anymore. In popular culture the idea of beauty is extremely distorted. With the use of Photos, companies believe that they can make more money by making girls look thinner and more attractive. When girls view these warped images, they believe that these are the features they need to have to be dutiful. Examples of these features include the thigh gap , a flat stomach and collar bones. Hamilton used the convention of facts to present this idea to the reader. An example of this in the text is â€Å"Links have now been made between the representation of thin models in magazines and eating disorders. In one study, the teenage girls who watched TV ads with skinny models were less confident and happy with their bodies than girls not exposed to these ads. † (Peg. 103) These fact positions the reader to have a negative point of view towards magazine companies who are sending these storied messages to young girls. In wider society, parents want to protect their young girls from bad influences that can be put on them. Majority of parents don’t know what their girls are reading in their magazines and would be horrified to know what information these girls are absorbing. In my opinion, I believe that girls need to be themselves and understand their individuality and to not constantly worry about their appearance. Hamilton suggests that poor body image is taking over our girls’ mindsets and their values they have of themselves are plummeting. Popular culture s influencing girls to believe that they are not up to the standards of being beautiful and wider society is trying to prevent them from thinking down on themselves. Girls all over the world are feeling pressures from their parents, friends and teachers. Hamilton conveys this message to the reader in a negative way through the use of expository conventions such as interviews and expert opinion. As young girls are growing up in a modern world, their parents have high expectations of them to succeed in school and to secure a financially rewarding Job. Along with the pressures f grades, friends and boys this leads to a lot of stress in girls lives. Hamilton expresses this idea to the reader through the use of her expert opinion. An example of this in the text is â€Å"It’s a big ask for any teenager to be perfect and popular, wear the right clothes, look cool and achieve excellent grades. There’s little opportunity here to build solid self-esteem. Is it any wonder so many are feeling depressed? â€Å"(Peg. 80). This opinion describes to the viewer the many pressures girls face in their daily lives and how it is affecting their physiological state. Another convention used is interviews. An example of this in the text is â€Å"l don’t go out very much during the amount of pressure put on you at school to do well- and you Just get stressed out. † (Peg. 75) This conveys the message to the reader as it explains Just how stressed out girls can be even over the little things. Popular culture also doesn’t help girls either. Maggie Hamilton explains â€Å"The pressure on girls is also apparent in teen magazines, where there’s endless editorial on what it means to be a successful woman-how to have a better body, better skin, better grades. â€Å"(Peg. ) When girls are reading these articles they are comparing themselves to the text and their self- esteem goes down as they know that they do not live up to the standards. Wider society is also a contributing factor towards girls feeling pressured. Parents who are expecting well-behaved children with good grades and teachers loading them up with homework donâ⠂¬â„¢t help downsize girls’ stress levels, it Just rapidly increases them. In my opinion, I believe that girls do face a lot of pressures throughout their teen years and that they need to find ways to cope and work around them. Hamilton presents the issue of pressures in a negative way to the reader whilst popular culture and wider society are finding ways to increase the stress levels girls have today. Hamilton presents the idea of pressures widely throughout the expository text What’s hipping to our girls?. The ideas of girls growing up too fast, body image and expectations and presented within the text through the use of conventions. These conventions include the use of expert opinion, facts, statistics and interviews. Hamilton presents these ideas in a negative way to the reader and explains ways that arenas and friends can help their girls move past them. Popular culture is a major contributor to the way girls think they should be living and also has huge influenced on their attitudes, values and behavior. A large majority of wider society wants their girls to grow up in a carefree environment where they can learn to be creative and enjoy their individuality. I believe that girls should be able to live their lives to the fullest and not worry about what others think of them. If every girl in the world accepted each other for who they were, imagine the freedom and enjoyment everyone would have. How to cite What’s Happening To Our Girls, Papers